国产二区在线视频-国产二区自拍-国产二三区-国产肥老妇视频-国产肥乱精-国产肥臀在线视频-国产丰满老熟妇乱-国产丰满人妻AV-国产丰满熟女-国产丰满岳

entretenimento

'It's a barrier dividing us': How a concrete seawall split this Japanese island village

sdwr

16 Sep 2025(atualizado 16/09/2025 às 17h39)

Some locals and ecologists are troubled by the potential impacts a looming seawall could have on the

Temas

Compartilhe

Areia para gatos: como escolher a melhor op??o para tutores e seus pets'It's a barrier dividing us': How a concrete seawall split this Japanese island village

'It's a barrier dividing us': How a concrete seawall split this Japanese island village

Some locals and próximos jogos da sele??oecologists are troubled by the potential impacts a looming seawall could have on the biodiverse Japanese island of Amami ōshima. So is there another way to protect its beach?

Rising before dawn on an early summer day in July 2022, Hisami Take took a walk along Katoku beach in Amami ōshima, an island nestled in the far south of Japan. Looking along the beach, she saw an animal track on the sand stretching from the ocean, then U-turning back into the water.

The track, she says, likely belonged to an endangered loggerhead sea turtle that is known to come ashore to lay eggs. "This year, no eggs were found. Maybe the shiny orange construction rope is signalling the turtles to turn away."

Take, a 49-year-old Amami resident, and many other locals on the island fear that an enormous concrete seawall about to be constructed on the beach in place of the rope could make such tracks more common by blocking endangered species like the turtle from coming to the beach.

The construction firm did not respond to a request for comment. The local authority, Kagoshima Prefecture, responded to say that construction work was proceeding with consideration for the natural environment, and would not be carried out in the coastal area during the turtles' egg-laying season. It noted it had not been confirmed that the ropes on the beach affected turtle behaviour.

Opinion on the years-long development has split the local community. Scientists and many locals worry the seawall could immovably obstruct the already threatened wildlife of the biodiverse island and argue that natural solutions such as planting local species would provide better protection from coastal erosion. Advocates of the seawall, meanwhile, say it's necessary to give both people and local land vital protection from coastal erosion and typhoons, with some seeing it as welcome infrastructure development.

It's a debate that goes to the heart of how coastal communities will respond to rising seas and more intense storms due to climate change. Hard coastal protection measures like concrete seawalls have been implemented in some areas of the world for decades, but many scientists now favour natural defences, which aim to improve local ecosystems to bolster resilience. When the two are in competition, which wins out?

With its white beaches and beautiful coral reefs, Amami ōshima is widely known for its candid natural beauty. While it makes up only 0.5% of Japan's land, much of it is a biodiversity hotspot: it is home to 95 globally endangered species, 75 of them endemic, and over 1,800 species of plants. In July 2021, a part of Amami Oshima, together with sites on three neighbouring islands, was registered as a Unesco World Heritage Site for its outstanding ecological significance.

Amami retains many of its rich forests and mangroves, but Katoku is its last coastal village without concrete defences and with a free-flowing river. The area is home to endangered species such as the leatherback turtle, which has lived since before the dinosaur extinction, and the Amami rabbit, an ancient species sometimes referred to as a "living fossil".

"I could not believe a place like this existed in Amami – so mystical and almost divine," says Take, recalling her first visit to Katoku when she was 19. "Growing up in Amami, I never had a 'real' beach around. All the other beaches and rivers [on Amami ōshima island] were hardened with concrete, but Katoku still has a beach, a river delta where freshwater flows freely from the Katoku mountains and a dynamic sand dune."

Now, though, an enormous seawall is being constructed at the beach by Kagoshima Prefecture. It says it is building the wall, which will be 180m (590ft) long and 6.5m (21ft) high, "for the safety and security of lives and assets of residents from coastal erosion caused by natural disasters such as typhoons".

The decision to build the seawall was taken in response to concerns raised by local residents back in 2014. They submitted a request to the local Setouchi town council that governs Katoku village to take measures to prevent what they believed to be dune erosion caused by two typhoons that year. They were concerned such erosion could endanger an ancestral resting place, central to their religious tradition, which lies some 70m (230ft) above the waterline. However, they did not specifically request a seawall as the solution.

The project saw final approval by the Kagoshima Prefecture in January 2018, but in the meantime other local residents have come together to oppose the seawall, arguing it is in danger of disrupting the Katoku River, affecting the entire rare beach ecosystem. In September 2020, a petition with more than 30,000 signatures was submitted to the governor of Kagoshima, mayor of Setouchi town and Setouchi town council, urging for construction to be reconsidered. Scientists, environmental groups and residents say they have also submitted appeals to the Kagoshima Prefecture to reconsider the construction and hold open discussions with residents. Several told the BBC they did not receive a response.

The Kagoshima Prefecture said it was working to post information on its website to improve public understanding of its approach. It added that the Setouchi Office did provide a verbal response to petitioners, explaining that the project was started in response to requests from Setouchi Town and local villages for its early completion. It said that the decision to build a seawall and plant pandanus trees was reached after many discussions among a committee composed of experts in coastal, aquatic organisms and the environment, as well as local residents. The prefecture said it "decided to proceed with the development in order to protect the lives and property of local residents".

Meanwhile, in 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the official advisor on nature under the World Heritage Convention, designated the local Katoku River and neighbouring beach areas as a buffer zone. The designation means these areas are legally protected by the Japanese government.

The IUCN noted the seawall construction would continue, but its report included a statement from the Japanese government saying the seawall would be "far from the mouth of the Katoku River" to avoid any negative impacts on the river. Environmental monitoring would be continued after construction to watch for any unexpected impacts too, it said.

Construction started the following year, in February 2022, but locals say it appears to have been halted several times since, as well as disrupted by sit-ins by local protestors. It restarted again in July 2024 and is now in the final stages of building a road to allow work to start on the seawall. Even as construction was underway, though, a legal case in opposition to the seawall was ongoing at the Japanese Supreme Court.

Filed in 2018, the plaintiffs consisted of locals and the Japan Environmental Lawyers Federation (Jelf), who argued that Kagoshima Prefecture is misusing public funds by pushing ahead with the project. They contended the wall is unnecessary and will not help with any sand dune erosion if indeed there is any. Kagoshima Prefecture contested the allegations, arguing that the construction is necessary to protect the village from coastal erosion caused due to natural disasters such as typhoons, and asserting that the project follows proper procedures and legal standards. The prefecture added that it was continuing to work with the IUCN through various legal and other procedures.

However, the case was dismissed by the court on 23 May 2025.

Separately, some are concerned that the seawall is being built in a more problematic location than environmental overviews of the project first indicated – closer to the river mouth, risking its ecosystem and biodiversity.

After a request from the Jelf lawyers and NGO Save Katoku, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, an independent research team based in Tokyo, investigated the concerns around the impact of the seawall on the local ecosystem. In a September 2024 letter sent to Save Katoku and its defending lawyers and seen by the BBC, it concluded that the seawall is indeed set to be constructed "within" the river channel of the Katoku River. Coastal Engineering Laboratory told the BBC that it has not received any financial assistance from any of the parties involved in the legal case.

Kagoshima Prefecture noted that "depending on the season, sea sand may block the estuary due to the influence of waves, and at that time, water that has nowhere to go may meander and flow along the beach". It said that the seawall was planned in the position where the original sand dunes used to be, away from the meandering flow of water along the beach front, and not obstructing it.

"At some points of the year, the river's mouth – the entire beach – shifts seasonally, which means that the river can flow across the sand and reach right where the seawall is planned, for about six months," says Jean-Marc Takaki, head of the local non-profit Save Katoku says. "This contradicts the government's own promise of building the wall far away… among many things it disrupts the natural meandering of the river and the whole sand process of the beach essential to maintaining the ecosystem."

A spokesperson from the Kyushu bureau of Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Tourism told the BBC that the planned seawall at Katoku Beach “will be built not on the beach but at the location of the original sand dune and is positioned away from the meandering water” and thus “will not obstruct either the meandering water flow or the natural movement of sand along the coast”.

“Furthermore, prior to the World Natural Heritage inscription, we were informed by the Ministry of the Environment that explanations were given to IUCN regarding the necessity of the seawall for disaster prevention and considerations for the natural environment, and that the inscription was granted based on that understanding," the spokesperson added.

Takaki is calling for an Unesco Reactive Monitoring mission to investigate these concerns and provide recommendations to ensure the protection and conservation of the river.

Locals also express concern about their lack of involvement in the decision-making process of the seawall. The Kagoshima Prefecture conducted surveys, including environmental studies, and three rounds of expert meetings from 2016-18, but Takaaki Kagohashi, a lawyer and longtime member of Jelf who was involved in the court case, says local residents were not consulted, except for the then-village-chief.

Kagoshima Prefecture underlined that its review committee of experts and local people is held in an open format and views are widely solicited on its website.

Shigeo Sakae, the current village chief of Katoku since April 2023, was not aware of the details of the seawall project. "I was asked by the prefecture if I support a construction that protects the residents, so I said yes," he says. Katoku, he adds, is the only village on the island that has not yet built any hard coastal structures until this seawall project. "All other villages have already completed their construction, but we are the only ones who haven't had anything done for us."

Kamata Naruhito, the mayor of Setouchi town, says projects like the seawall are needed to revitalise the economy. "Amami Oshima island has been recognised as a natural heritage site, so it is something very important that we must cherish and pass on to the next generation," he says. "However, alongside that… public works projects are also necessary with the support of the central government."

With intensifying typhoons and rising sea levels around the world, the tensions over the Katoku beach seawall will not be the last debate to emerge over the best way to protect local communities from flooding and coastal erosion.

Seawalls have long been considered a primary solution for coastal protection, particularly against storm surges and erosion. Hard coastal protection measures such as dikes, embankments, seawalls and surge barriers are now widespread, providing predictable levels of safety in many coastal cities and deltas around the world, according to a 2019 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

More like this:

? Where EV batteries go to die – and be reborn

? What we've learned about cleaning up major oil spills since Deepwater Horizon

? The cement that could turn your house into a giant battery

But these measures can come with a heavy cost both economically and environmentally, says Satoko Seino, associate professor at the department of ecological engineering at Kyushu University, Japan, who studies coastal seafloors.

"Concrete seawalls not only demand heavy investment but also incur ongoing maintenance costs," says Seino. Kominato beach, which lies next to Katoku on Amami ōshima, once shared a similar landscape with a pristine sand beach supporting both human and wildlife. With construction projects including renovation and reconstruction of breakwaters, embankments, wharves, boat ramps, roads and land development totalling some 5.32 billion yen (£27m/ $34m) since the 1970s, parts of Kominato beach are now littered with neglected concrete.

Edward Atkin, director of eCoast Marine Consulting and Research in New Zealand, has studied Kominato beach and compared it with Katoku. In a 2021 assessment, he concluded that the Kominato seawalls exacerbated erosion and shortened the beach width, while the seawall itself has also been eroded by sea water. He noted that both Kominato and Katoku beaches had the same "pocket beach" structure, where the beach holds a closed off and highly sensitive sand system that moves around under different wave conditions.

Since around the 2000s, and especially in Europe and North America, there has been a shift in coastal management towards the use of eco-engineering and nature-based solutions – ways of working with natural ecosystems to address environmental challenges, says Seino. "These approaches integrate natural systems which not only protect against storm surges but also preserve biodiversity," she says.

In areas where natural ecosystems like dunes and mangroves offer protection, experts frequently recommend nature-based solutions as more sustainable options, according to the IPCC. This chimes with research which shows that nature-focused solutions to societal challenges more widely often provide economic and social benefits.

In the US, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa) has similarly encouraged the use of "living shorelines", an approach that uses "green infrastructure" such as plants and sand rather than concrete or rock to defend coastlines. Research has shown this method is effective at protecting against erosion and storm surges and can even be more resilient than bulkheads in protecting against the effects of hurricanes, while also providing other benefits such as soaking up nutrient pollution and supporting fish habitat.

Amendments to Japan's Seacoast Law in 1999 aimed to implement more sustainable coastal management and conservation plans, but progress has been slow, says Seino. "Once people see concrete hardening as the answer, it's difficult to change that mindset." The BBC contacted Japan's Ministry of the Environment but received no comment.

Since 2018, Japan's environment ministry has also been promoting an ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) initiative, an approach to disaster prevention which aims to also build a sustainable, safe and affluent society living in harmony with nature. In a letter to the IUCN on 8 November 2019, the Japanese government said an "eco-friendly" seawall would be built at Katoku beach, covering concrete embankments with sand and plants, presenting the project as a nature-friendly Eco-DRR initiative.

"Nice try, but it doesn't work like that," says Wesley Crile, a coastal dune restoration specialist at the University of Hawaii who has led on multiple community-based dune restoration projects on Maui Island in Hawaii.

Maui Island has a similar sand dune system and vegetation, including pandanus trees and morning glories, to Katoku. Crile highlights how the community uses natural processes instead of concrete structures to prevent coastal erosion.

"For example, morning glories, which are present both in Maui and Amami, can trap wind-blown sand with their cup-shaped leaves, gradually building up dunes," Crile says. If a storm takes some sand from the dune, the dune shape will be affected on the surface, he adds. "But when the storm subsides, the sand process will restart and the dune can be rebuilt with time." Japan's Ministry of the Environment did not respond to the BBC's request for comment.

Seino's coastal seafloor studies have similarly led her to support a natural dune restoration process at Katoku. Healthy beaches have a "natural ability" to recover, even if they are temporarily eroded, she says.

"It's like when a person falls and gets a scrape or a bruise – while it may look serious on the surface, their overall vitality isn't compromised," she says. "Similarly, such a coastline remains resilient. Even if the surface layer of sand is completely stripped away, it will eventually come back. As long as the dune is in a healthy state, it will function as a natural seawall, basically.

In Katoku, planting projects led by volunteers and locals have taken place several times since 2015, before the seawall was approved. Planting of pandanus trees and morning glories – both also indigenous to Amami – mirrors the restoration initiatives in Hawaii that utilise the inherent regenerative power of coastal dunes.

"The area in front of the cemetery is now flourishing with tall pandanus trees, and the once-severe erosion has disappeared," says 90-year-old Hiroaki Sono, who has lived on the island for most of his life and leads the non-profit Environmental Network Amami. However, he adds, the long-term sand movements and characteristics of the beach should be studied "more closely" before any decision is made on how best to protect the habitat. Kagoshima Prefecture did not respond to the BBC's request for comment.

Local collaboration is a crucial part of implementing nature-based solutions, adds Naoshi Nagae, a conservationist and the head of the local Amami Nature School, who focuses on environmental education by leveraging the knowledge of locals. For example, as pandanus trees take time to grow, it is better to use transplants of young trees rather than seeds, he says. "Ideally, these trees should come from the same village, or at least a neighbouring one, to avoid invasive species."

The emissions from travel it took to report this story were an estimated 170kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. Find out more about how we calculated this figure here.

The debate over the two proposed solutions to save Katoku Beach – building the seawall or restoring the natural sand dune through planting of local species – has sparked an ongoing conflict among the community at Amami. "This seawall controversy is not just about nature and people's lives, it's a barrier dividing us," says Takaki.

Eriko Minayoshi, a traditional folk singer, has been part of a long-running sit-in protest against the construction. "At the site, no one is offering any real explanation," she says. "All they say is, 'You are blocking business, get out of the way.' Every day feels like an emotional weight. Even in my sleep, I am haunted by images of construction." She has also begun to feel the toll of the protest on her body, she says. The construction firm did not respond to the BBC's request for comment.

Take believes that an open dialogue between the residents and the authorities is essential to finding solutions. "Deep down, I know that everyone shares the same wish to protect the beach," she says. "We need to work together to discuss and find what is truly best for everyone, for our Katoku beach."

--

*This story was updated on 23 May 2025 to include responses from Kagoshima Prefecture received after initial publication on 13 May 2025. It was again updated on 30 May 2025 to include responses from Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Tourism received after initial publication, and to note the dismissal of the legal case by the Supreme Court of Japan.

For essential climate news and hopeful developments to your inbox, sign up to the?Future Earth newsletter,?while?The Essential List?delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights twice a week.

For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook, X?and Instagram.

Copyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.?Read about our approach to external linking.

NEWSLETTER GRATUITA

Nexo | Hoje

BBCcom_Content_Index_for_October_26_2018.txt

Lavar ou n?o lavar o jeans? Saiba o que pode comprometer a durabilidade da pe?a abrangente e os explorar abrangente.

GRáFICOS

nos eixos

Thomas_Tuchel_England_win_over_Serbia_was_teamwork_in_its_purest_form_-_BBC_Sport.txt

Por que alguns prédios proíbem a instala??o de ar-condicionado? entretenimento e os conhecimento moda.

Navegue por temas

Paolla Oliveira sobre Diogo Nogueira: 'A gente n?o passa o tempo todo com Diogo cantando no meu ouvido e eu de cinta liga' Por que no Brasil n?o é recomendado jogar papel higiênico no vaso sanitário? Aquecedor: elétrico ou a óleo? Veja dicas de como escolher o seu Bruce Dickinson celebra os 40 anos de um namoro com o Brasil no The Town Dá para consertar maquiagem quebrada? Capital Inicial relembra passado punk em segundo dia do The Town 'Receitas' de produtos de limpeza: saiba quais s?o os riscos The Town usa drones e cameras para coibir sinalizadores que entram no festival mesmo diante de proibi??o Travis Scott dispara hits e confirma sucesso arrasador diante de multid?o de f?s no The Town Travis Scott dispara hits e confirma sucesso arrasador diante de multid?o de f?s no The Town
91干逼免费观看 | 欧美激情羞羞网站 | 福利社深夜影院 | 亚洲欧美日韩国产 | 午夜色色资源网 | 日本三级精品 | 乱伦理电影 | 超碰免费观看无码 | 午里影院打屁屁 | 国产成人午夜福利 | 福利1区 | 丁香五月网站首页 | 国产大片在线播放 | 午夜爽爽影院 | 91色情黑丝 | 起碰成人网| 成人亚洲电影网 | 日本伦理电影推荐 | 91国产中文| 日本免费伦理片 | 日韩高清免费 | 福利偷拍小视频 | 性感无码精品国产 | 欧美午夜不卡 | 午夜福利h | 丁香综合五月 | 国产不卡视频 | 深爱激请五月9 | 免费在线观看h片 | 蜜芽人人超碰97 | 欧美无专区| 波多野吉衣网站 | 欧美在线黑人 | 黄色AV网站入口 | 日本中文字幕网站 | 国产高清自拍 | 欧美成人家庭 | 人妖乱伦视频 | 日韩电影在线播放 | 午夜激情福利 | 中文字幕日韩电影 | 最新的黄色网址 | 91人人爽 | 欧日韩ab在线 | 伊人国产视频 | 久草最新网此 | 欧美日韩国产主播 | 尤物视频电影网站 | 理论片中文字幕 | 有码一区| 蜜桃屁屁影院 | 日韩伦理免费 | 午夜黄色影院 | 中文欧美日韩 | 无码人妻免费播放 | 亚洲精品国产福利 | 豆花午夜福利视频 | 午夜视频福利毛 | 自慰喷水白浆丝袜 | 91网站免费| 午夜精品在线 | 欧美熟妇穴视频 | 萌白酱国产在线 | 吉林五月花综合网 | 丁香五月综合一线 | 另类区另类欧美 | 人妻有码 | 伦理影院在线 | 成人高清网 | 在线黄色av网 | 黄片涩网 | 欧美三级少妇 | 国产视频一二三区 | 国产不卡免费视频 | 五月天婷婷美女 | 青草视频在线播放 | 欧美性爱乱能视频 | 三级片福利 | 日韩制服诱惑 | 综合欧美日韩 | 玉足午夜影院 | 丁香六月婷婷开心 | 欧美色淫 | 国产女人在线视频 | 人人都是播客 | 操干撸射 | 日韩有吗| 国产高清一二区 | 日本精品一区二 | 国产不卡影院 | 美欧性爱16页 | 亚洲美女五月丁香 | 欧美网站 | 欧美日韩一道在线 | 日本三级片网站 | 91成人嫩草网络 | 午夜理论影院 | 久草手机福利视频 | 国产熟女性爱 | 性综合欧美另类 | 91操你啊| 免费青青草在线 | 91久久久久福利 | 手机看片91 | 欧美第一页福利 | 欧美二区三区福利 | 黄片AV男人天堂 | 性欧美60 | 超碰碰97资源站 | 免费黄色毛片 | 四虎精品免费 | 国产精品果冻传媒 | 日韩无码精品视频 | 免费三级黄片 | 成人午夜在线电影 | 日韩视频成人吃瓜 | 欧美xxx性 | 国产精品自在线 | 深夜少妇福利在线 | 国产99re| 日韩欧美二 | 日韩成人激情视频 | 国产三级黄片 | 日韩中文精品 | 东方成人在线 | 人妻激情四射 | 香港三级日本三级 | 国产欧美日韩三区 | 丁香乱伦 | 人人干人人摸豆花 | 国产精品大片在线 | 福利在线观看蜜桃 | 国产精品秘果冻传 | 91视频首页| 午夜激情福利社 | 成人日韩在线视频 | 午夜福利视频合集 | A片视频网址 | 国产精品一区三区 | 国产一级 | 免费一区二区三区 | 手机久草视频 | 极品白丝美女被日 | 孕妇A片视频 | 午夜理论福利片 | 日韩焦点影视 | 精品亚洲成人黄色 | 变态另类第3页 | A片免费网| 日本Aⅴ视频| 成人免费电影网站 | 狠狠撸亚洲色 | 蜜桃久久久久 | 日本H视频在线 | 丁香五综合 | 91社区视频在线 | 亚洲欧美精品国产 | 东京热电影网 | 日韩夜间私人 | 欧美国产亚洲 | 欧美中文日韩 | 国产精品v欧美 | 理论片电影 | 超碰牛牛碰 | 激情四射无码 | 亚洲最新精品电影 | 欧美成人天堂 | 成年电影网站 | 国产日韩欧美在线 | 91夫妻自拍 | 亚永久免费 | 欧美在线黑 | 波多野家庭教师 | 国产高清视频一 | 欧美淫妇 | 欧美青青草| 东京热久久| 操碰在线视频免费 | 欧美喷潮视频 | 欧美极品综合一区 | 日本成人高清视频 | 福利姬精品在线 | 日韩欧美综合图片 | 91黄色干逼| 青青草最新地址 | 欧美二三区 | 91操情| 日本高清一道 | 成人国产一区二 | 黑人爱爱爱 | 谁有最新黄色网址 | 肉屄免费体验福利 | 理论片免费 | 欧美亚洲日本韩国 | 国产在线观看地址 | 欧美免费性视频 | 成人精品视频 | 亚洲叉叉网 | 伦理性电影 | 日本不卡高清在线 | 911国内自产| 乱伦悠悠一区二区 | 欧美日韩卡一 | 欧美护士 | 最新的黄色网址 | 国产成人无码久久 | 成人高清在线 | 成人爽片 | 欧美美女内射 | 日韩免费一级电影 | 免费无码黄色网址 | 国产青青青| 91短视频ios| 日韩国产二区 | 五月天歌曲大全 | 国产美女91视频 | 丁香五月天婷婷 | 91国产自拍 | 国产欧美日韩综合 | 无码国产不卡视频 | 91视频免费播放 | 成人精品视频网站 | 日本高清色图视频 | 欧美四级电影在线 | 日韩第一页在线 | 91爱插| 日本三级香港 | 91看视频 | 亚洲无码av在线 | 日韩在线观看不卡 | 青草在线播放绿色 | 日韩成人中文字幕 | 熟女孕妇激情视频 | 国产第一草页 | 丁香婷婷五月亚洲 | 黄瓜成人app | 久久99精品91 | 欧美日韩一级免费 | AV三级网络| 日韩中国高清无码 | 日韩欧美st | 一区二区草逼大片 | 欧美一区二区性爱 | 欧美影院精品日韩 | 日本综合色图 | A片免费视频网站 | 日本中文字幕免费 | 久久福利社 | 黄色无毒网址 | 日韩在线精品视频 | 亚洲综合女同 | 豆花视频在线内射 | 久草免费网视频 | 91豆花网页| 老熟女网站 | 国产激情刺 | 91在线无码精品 | 操你啦欧美日韩 | 成人无码精品电影 | 青青草国产视偷拍 | 美腿丝袜中文字幕 | 高清资源在线播放 | 欧美人妖视频 | 91手机福利 | 国产不卡区 | 成人婷婷 | 91我不卡视频| 日本三级大片 | 午夜福利久久久 | 18岁黄色污| 青草论坛 | 污网站在线观看 | 欧美日韩性爱无 | 综合日韩欧美 | 激情六月 | 欧美福利二区 | 欧美人成视频在线 | 国产人成中文字幕 | 国内精品无码短片 | 在线黄色无码网站 | 91电影在线播放 | 91视频导航| 免费无码AV | 国产一二三区在线 | 向日葵成人app | 成年人看视频 | 夜色成人 | 日韩免费看片 | 国产无码精品大片 | 无码性爱大片 | 91插逼| 精品毛片 | 国产日韩亚洲综合 | 美女福利在线播放 | av在线资源网 | 免费的A片网站 | 日韩欧美午夜视频 | 欧美性爱h | 哦美岛国大片 | 欧美二二区 | 亚洲宅男午夜 | 日韩在线另类 | 深夜网址女同 | 欧美性潮喷| 最新在线A片网址 | 91青青青| 久久人妻无码中交 | 男人午夜影院蜜桃 | AV午夜论理影视 | 国产原创 | 日本在线观看电影 | 国产乱人 | 久草免费网视频 | 欧美理论大片 | 日本成年人网址 | 91国产片| 黄色资源av网址 | 欧美午夜福利电影 | 日韩中文字幕网址 | 日本无码精品久久 | 青青草在线成人 | 香蕉APP污视频 | 国产视频一 | 另类欧美自拍偷拍 | 91国产视频在线 | 在线观看毛片网址 | 日韩经典中文字幕 | 四虎影视基地 | 国产乱交视频 | 欧美人人 | 日本一级生活片 | 欧美日韩片片 | 成人涩涩网站 | 黄草莓视频 | 欧美熟妇内射 | 黄色免免视频 | 免费无码国产成人 | 亚洲肏逼视频66 | 欧美人与兽xx | 91夫妻自拍| 经典三级第一页 | 豆花亚洲在线 | 91爱上碰| 黄色网址久 | 国产精品视频网址 | 青青草成人 | 福利社一区 | 国产日韩a | 97精品免费视频 | 精品无码精品 | 日本东京热三级片 | 内射白嫩少妇超碰 | 综合永久精品日韩 | 国内主播第一页 | 国产高清欧美日韩 | 日韩精品影院 | 日韩福利电影 | 国产精品27页 | 久草久爱新视频 | 三及片免费| 成人中文字幕 | 国产人成无码视频 | 日韩少妇精品视频 | 成人福利视 | 国产精品自拍偷拍 | 免费网站看A片 | 丝袜AV| 国产在线看 | 三级黄色在线播放 | 五月天福利影院 | 久草久草网 | 91精品在线国产 | 四虎青青 | 狠狠肏在线视频 | 欧美日韩在线不卡 | 亚洲美女福利在线 | 国产三级国产 | 国产乳摇精品在线 | 吃瓜黑料自拍偷拍 | 尤物肏逼 | 人妖另类系列 | 欧美特另类| 操操叉叉操操 | 岛国片入口 | 三级伦理导航 | 97香蕉超级碰碰 | 国产91精品在线 | 四虎一级 | 成人福利社区在线 | 福利小导航 | 欧美一区黄色网站 | 午夜福利性爱视频 | 久草新资源 | 性潮喷水视频 | 欧美黄色网址 | 亞洲日韓日本一道 | 丝瓜视频成人安卓 | 国产区日韩区经验 | 91人妻人人操 | 国产视频网站 | 午夜福利免费看 | 国产极品在线视频 | 国产第页 | 香港3级片 | 孕妇A片视频 | 日韩电影在线免费 | 国产3级在线观看 | 国产第一艘航母 | 成人手机电影 | 泰国玩人妖| 第一页草草影院 | 四虎直播在线观看 | 福利姬在线导航 | 91爱爱 | 免费观看伦理片 | 欧美成人AAAA | 欧美性第一页 | 国产视频一区二 | 欧美人与性| 亚洲人污污 | 三级爱毛片 | 日韩欧美~中文 | 天美免费mv观看 | 国内精品小视频 | 乱伦理论片 | 亚洲欧美专区 | 深夜福利免费视频 | 老湿影院国产 | 国产精品3级片 | 成人AⅤ在线 | 欧美喷潮 | 成人免费视频播放 | 亚州色图黑料 | 日本高清有码视频 | 成人91| 蜜桃传媒网站入口 | 欧美色道| 亚洲天堂99 | 国产吃瓜在线观看 | 成人一区在线 | 深夜福利无码 | 欧美另类网站 | 久草福利资源视频 | 国产三区二区四区 | 欧美一线高本道 | 美女黄色大片网站 | 美国伦理片电影 | 福利综艺推荐 | 东京热综合 | 亚洲自拍偷拍五页 | 欧美性xxxxx| 一级a爰片免费看 | 男女午夜啪啪视频 | 福利第一二区 | 探花系列| 岛国搬运工首页 | 男人插女人的网站 | 福利社免费体验区 | 乱伦之兄妹乱情 | 日韩欧美乱伦一区 | 精品动漫一区二区 | 欧美性爱大片网址 | 日韩国产第二页 | 丁香五月国内在线 | 日韩在线高清视频 | 青青草中文娱乐网 | 在线撸丝片 | 成人夜色福利 | 伦理片在线视频 | 日本草逼 | 亚洲欧美偷拍 | 狼大伊人 | 91美脚恋足社区 | 艹逼91| 久久黄网络 | 欧美性60 | 国产精品免费 | 亚洲98 | 欧美日韩亚洲在线 | 日本伦理电影观看 | 日本高清a| 91爱爱网页| 国产在线观看高清 | 亚洲三级伦理片 | 无码免费A片 | 欧美乱伦大全 | 黄色无毒网站 | 波多野吉衣 | 成人免费黄色视频 | 免费电影下载 | 性爱日本在线观看 | 日韩草逼网页 | 欧美女同网址 | 欧美一级网网站 | 亚洲āv | 深夜精品在线 | 国产无精品 | 男人AV在线网站 | 国产AⅤ无码专区 | 91深夜福利| 狠狠撸综合| 日本天堂在线观看 | 91视频观看免费 | 激情婷婷综合网 | 亚洲黑料日韩 | 日韩精品短视频 | 欧美老妇精品另类 | 加勒比无码在线 | 欧美性高潮一二区 | 欧美青青青视频 | 成人丝瓜视频 | 日韩丝袜中文字幕 | 丁香五月激色 | 三级片全网址 | 欧美高清hd | 国产视频福利导航 | 深夜福利站 | 国产主播一页 | 日韩免费视频 | 国产浮力第一影院 | 日本一级s片 | 91网站| 欧美日韩综合在线 | 欧美性爱第四页 | 欧美精品69| 97线线观看视频 | 国产乱女乱 | 午夜黄色 | 成人免费毛片观看 | 国产疯狂露脸对白 | 欧美中文视频 | 国产亚洲人成在线 | 97免费公| 黄色天堂网站 | A片网地| 黄色一级网址 | 欧美福利| 五月激情综合 | 日本3a网站| 在线视频欧美亚洲 | 久草最新在线 | 成年女人视频 | 第一福利精品导航 | 亚洲无码在线专区 | 91看片资源 | 日韩精品在线观看 | 日本h片三区 | 女同kiss| 手机久草视频 | 日韩免费在线观看 | 国产成人精品一区 | 欧美成人无码在线 | 成人亚洲网 | 毛片黄片网站 | 免费看a片网站 | 丁香五月亚洲综 | 久久精品综合日韩 | 国产91最新视频 | 蜜乳在线| 日日综合| av性夜久久 | 另类激情图 | 岛国在线视频观看 | 欧美-夜夜爽 | 91桃色在线观看 | 男人天堂黄片 | 黄片福利片 | 女同另类亚洲一区 | 欧美性爱另类激情 | 欧美精片| 五月婷丁香网站 | 91不卡在线| 国产区第一页 | 最新国产在线播放 | 萌白酱正在播放 | 免费kan片神器| 三级综合医院 | 岛国大片搬运工 | 日韩福利影院一区 | 黑丝袜自慰喷白浆 | 丁香六月五月婷婷 | 成人网站免费三级 | 微拍福利视频导航 | 福利导航在线播放 | 人人澡人人摸 | 最新国产精品 | 萌白酱馒头逼 | 日本三级无码 | 五月天福利影院 | 三级网址在线播放 | 亚洲福利插吧 | 四虎一级 | 午夜理论按摩电影 | 国产夫妇肉麻对白 | 中国美女足交 | 亚洲第一福利在线 | 偷拍午夜福利 | 久草福利在线观看 | 男人天堂午夜网 | 波多野多衣 | 三级片观看网址 | 无码a国产 | 东方四虎| 毛片三级在线观看 | 国产高清自拍 | 国产高清自拍 | 蜜桃91| 日韩欧美专区 | 欧美情片| 午夜成人理论片 | 乱伦吃瓜网 | 欧美午夜不卡在线 | 福利社伦理片 | 精品国产999 | 日韩无码精品视频 | 成人伦理电影网站 | 国产午夜不卡片免 | 成人午夜影院 | 蜜桃91操操操 | 蜜臀影视| 日韩午夜三级 | 国产四区| 手机看片免费直播 | 国产传媒视频网站 | 欧美色干| 成人三级黄色网 | 日韩欧美性爱网站 | 亚洲精品色色网站 | 一级国产大片 | 日韩精品乱 | 国产欧美在线观看 | 91成人国产福利 | 91操片| 日韩中文免费 | 成人免费片 | 字幕精品| 精品一二 | 精品呦视频 | 欧美自拍在线观看 | 亚洲欧美叧类人妖 | 91操操操操 | 精品国产自左线拍 | 青青草草社区 | 91视频免费版黄 | 操碰人妻| 欧美极品电影 | 哦美岛国大片 | 日韩中文字幕专区 | 午夜伦理社区 | 午夜剧场伦理 | 国产偷录视频 | 殴美人妖 | 欧美在线播放网站 | 欧美福利一级黄片 | 国产一区国产 | 国产色片在线视频 | 日本在线观 | 91日韩欧美 | 特黄三级毛片 | 日韩第1页 | 欧美在线观看免费 | 欧美激情三区 | 欧美成人女同 | 欧美日韩伦理午夜 | 亚洲色婷 | 日韩成人网站网 | 东京热电影院 | 女人和男人黄A片 | 欧美性网站xx | 黄色片手机在线看 | 欧美色图福利导航 | 91视频软件 | 黄色网址网站网址 | 亚洲欧美日韩一 | 日本欧美中文字幕 | 黄片欧洲| 欧洲国产亚洲 | 国产日本中文字幕 | 久草视频久草视频 | 日本三级大全 | 蜜桃午夜福利 | 国内精品 | 操碰视频播放 | 91偷拍视频 | 91色情激情网| 国产区在线观看 | 欧美孕妇 | 欧美瑟瑟| 五月青青草| 爱豆传媒官网 | 丁香五月天啪啪 | 国产午夜激情视频 | 欧美另类XXXX | 日韩欧美大陆另类 | 午夜色色色 | 91午夜| 国产日本久久 | 91视频在线网站 | 成人论坛视频在线 | 成人国内精| 黄色天堂男人 | 国产第一屁屁影院 | 午夜福利ac | 亚洲无码卡一卡二 | 成人三级 | 国产成人激情视频 | 萌白酱av | 中文字幕日韩丝袜 | 日本三级乱码 | 四虎精品 | 老湿机福利视频 | 午夜一级伦理 | 国产视频成人 | 欧美成人中文字幕 | 粉嫩福利姬 | 欧美五月亭 | 殴美成人网 | 毛片新网址 | 啪视频免费 | 欧美网站建设 | 高清国产区有码 | 成人黄网站视频色 | 中国大陆成人毛片 | 四虎海外 | 亚洲肏逼视频 | 国产自拍日韩精品 | 日韩成人高清 | 亚洲久久色 | 伊人性爱影院 | 日本在线中文字幕 | 国产免费淫秽视频 | 无码A片三级片 | 伦理片完整版 | 欧美在线v| 91爆逼| 黄色男人在线 | 美女网站黄av | 精品AV国产 | 福利在线播放91 | 日韩高清网站 | 成人亚洲精品AV | 国产福利精品91 | 欧美人人 | 久草在线首页 | 激情福利社 | 深爱激动网 | 青青草国产线观看 | 香蕉视频免费在线 | 欧美成人福利 | 超碰福利在线 | 久草资源在线观看 | 久草视频下载 | 激情五月婷婷色 | 三级黄色成人Av | 91视频免费版黄 | 91福利视频网 | 欧美aaaaa| 日韩欧美福利社 | 91自拍视频论坛 | 亚洲综合日韩在线 | 欧美福利网站 | 老司机福利天堂 | 狠狠干无码 | 免费三级网站观看 | 国产在线网 | 欧美三级大片孕妇 | 毛茸茸xxxxx 毛茸茸乱论对白 | 国产日韩欧美网站 | 原老湿福利影院 | 日本A∨网站 | 国产不卡1 | 牛牛色播| 午夜国产精品福利 | 欧美aaa级片 | 伦理在线视频 | 亚洲精品123区| 国产精品日韩欧美 | 操碰精品 | 国产乱一乱二乱三 | 国产精品私密保养 | 成人国产免费电影 | 欧美日韩一二区 | 午夜亚洲电影 | 亚洲自拍第九页 | 日韩伦理电影表妹 | 综合av日韩av | 国产精品污视频 | 69欧美性爱视频 | 欧美性爱资源站 | 欧美另类性 | 无码传区 | 观看AV网址 | 久草福利在线 | 男女抽插视频 | 蜜桃香蕉草莓视频 | 91人人爽 | 日韩免费一级电影 | 欧美福利局二区 | 操逼岛国视频 |