国产二区在线视频-国产二区自拍-国产二三区-国产肥老妇视频-国产肥乱精-国产肥臀在线视频-国产丰满老熟妇乱-国产丰满人妻AV-国产丰满熟女-国产丰满岳

enciclopédia

The World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

blpzlwbg

19 Sep 2025(atualizado 19/09/2025 às 05h18)

The Boeing B-29 was the most advanced bomber of World War Two, and more expensive to design and buil

Temas

Compartilhe

Guru do Vale do Silício, prêmio Nobel da paz, Xuxa, Luíza Brunet, Zezé Motta e Larissa Manoela: veja destaques do último dia de Rio Innovation WeekThe World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

The World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

The resultado lotofácil 2183Boeing B-29 was the most advanced bomber of World War Two, and more expensive to design and build than the atomic bombs it dropped. It also helped influence the airliners we fly on today.

It was two years before Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour dragged the United States into the war. But the US Army Air Corps was looking for a new bomber aircraft. What they were after was a "superbomber", capable of flying up to 2,000 miles (3,200km) at a time and at altitudes never achieved before.

The aircraft they got would go on to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and ultimately bring an end to World War Two. It would also pave the way for a civil aviation boom that led to the everyday air travel we have today.

This is the story of how an aircraft that cost more than the entire Manhattan project – the B-29 Superfortress – changed the world.

It was January 1940 when the US Army Air Corps (USAAC) approached five American aircraft companies with the request to build a bomber bigger than anything the world had ever seen. Although the US was yet to enter the Second World War, in Europe it was already raging: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had only months earlier invaded Poland and divided it between them. The US knew it was a matter of time before it might be dragged in.

The aircraft the USAAC wanted would have to fly further and higher than any aircraft that had yet been built. That turned out to be an enormous challenge, even for the world's biggest industrial nation.

Two of the companies approached, Douglas and Lockheed, soon abandoned work on their submissions due to the problem it posed. Boeing, however, had a head start, having begun work on a design as a private project a few years earlier.

Boeing's XB-29 design eventually won the USAAC's competition, but it would be another four years before the aircraft that became known as the B-29 Superfortress entered service.

It was the most expensive and complex industrial project US industry had ever undertaken and would not be surpassed until the space programmes in the 1950s and 1960s. And it pushed aviation technology almost to the limit.

The B-29 project became the most expensive of the entire war – costing nearly 50% more than the Manhattan Project that built the world's first atomic bombs. In today's money the aircraft, from design to completion, cost the equivalent of $55.6bn (£41.2bn).

The bombers that Boeing and other plane makers built for the first few years of World War Two tended to carry out their missions above 20,000ft (6km). The higher you fly, the longer you can fly, because the air is less dense, but it presented the crews inside the planes with many challenges.

"You have to be on oxygen the whole time," says Hattie Hearn, the curator of the American Air Museum in Duxford in the UK. "Within two minutes of not being on oxygen you probably lose consciousness, and that was a real common thing that air crew had to had to consider. They had to have electrically heated flying suits, all this other gear which is going to be impeding movement. Very cumbersome, if you had to escape, for example. Often you could get too hot, and then that would again impede how you operated, if you're sweating, and then suddenly that sweat freezes."

Conditions were bad enough at 20,000ft. At 30,000ft, the height the B-29 needed to fly, they would be even worse.

Boeing turned to a promising new concept: pressurisation. This meant the plane's cabin had the same air pressure and oxygen content you would find on the ground – which meant crew didn't have to fly with oxygen masks. The air would be pulled out of the engines, cooled, purified and then pumped into the crew compartments. It could also be reheated so the crew didn't have to wear bulky flight suits.

The technology had been under development since the 1920s, but the concept was still relatively experimental. The B-29 would become both the first bomber aircraft and the first mass-produced aircraft to be pressurised.

"Allowing a crew to operate in light flight suits, because the compartments are heated, that allows them to take these long missions in a much more hospitable way," says Jeremy Kinney, a curator at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.

Pressurising the aircraft's entire hull would be both difficult and expensive. Instead, Boeing devised three separate pressurised compartments for the B-29's 11-person crew. The first compartment in the nose of the aircraft housed the pilot, co-pilot, bomb aimer, navigator, radio operator and flight engineer – the latter responsible for monitoring the airplane's four enormous, temperamental engines. Between the first and second crew compartments – and above the first of the plane's massive bomb bays – was a tunnel that the crew members could crawl through. The middle compartment, where the gunners and radar operator worked, even had a chemical toilet and some bunks to nap on.

"There were some risks involved," cautions Hearn. "If you suddenly had a loss of pressure and you're in the tunnel moving between the different cabins, you could be shot out pretty much as fast as a bullet, which is a bit of a worry."

The high speed of attacking planes in World War Two meant gunners often only had a split second to pick a target, especially if they were approaching from the front. In 1944, fighters were getting faster. The B-29's pressurised compartments let designers think outside the box, and they came up with a novel concept: remote-controlled turrets.

Gunners no longer had to point the guns themselves, hoping for a lucky hit as fighters flashed by at hundreds of miles an hour. Instead, a new fire-control system calculated the gunners' aim using a radar that could account for both air temperature and bullet drop. It was the first time an aircraft had a gunsight that wasn't actually physically connected to the gun it is firing. The master gunner could even take over control of certain guns if one of the gunners was incapacitated.

"It's the last major system in which all the different angles and approaches to the aircraft are covered with guns," says Kinney. When the B-29 was no longer in danger of being attacked, the turrets could be pulled back into the aircraft to reduce drag.

The aircraft's other innovations included three sets of wheels – called tricycle landing gear – which are commonplace on airliners today.

The B-29's long missions at great heights meant the aircraft needed four very powerful engines. The designers turned to an 18-cylinder behemoth built by engine maker Wright called the R-3350 Duplex Cyclone.

In order to cut down the amount of drag, the designers made the engine housing more aerodynamic. But this starved some the R-3350's rear cylinders of air needed to cool down properly and made engine fires more likely.

The engine issues didn't take long to make themselves evident; the aircraft's first flight in December 1942 had to be cut short after one of the four engines caught fire. Worse was to come. In February 1943, the second prototype, flown by Boeing's chief test pilot Edmund T Allen, crashed near Seattle due to an engine fire, killing all 11 crew, 20 workers in a meat processing plant and a firefighter.

"The idea of the air-cooled radial engine is being pushed to its limit by the time it's installed in the B-29," says Kinney.

The radial, air-cooled R-3350 would later go on to power some of the first successful post-war airliners, but only after some serious refinement.

The B-29's engines were far from the only problem. Getting the aircraft into production was a gargantuan industrial project, requiring four separate giant factories across the US. Hordes of new aircraft construction workers had to be hired, many of whom had never built aircraft before, says Kinney. The scale and pace overwhelmed Boeing, especially at their factory in Wichita, Kansas, which was making the planes for the first B-29 bombing group.

One of the USAAC's top generals, Hap Arnold, was told to find a solution. Arnold visited Wichita in January 1944 and told factory bosses that he wanted 175 bombers ready by March. Not a single one was ready two months later.

The bombers had been built by hand because the factory was also making other aircraft on the assembly line, and the B-29s differed in hundreds of tiny details. No B-29 in those first batches weighed exactly the same, a worrying state for such a highly complicated aircraft. Only 20% of the "finished" aircraft could be flown out of the factory. Badly fitted windows and observation panels bled air or were distorted, and many electrical plugs in the plane's 16km (10 miles) of wiring didn't work properly.

Arnold set in place a rescue effort that became known as "The Battle of Kansas", bringing in experienced aircraft builders from other factories to oversee the work. The B-29s were stripped down and rebuilt so they were fit to fly. The work included fixing 568,000 electrical plugs and making dozens of changes to the aircraft's engines.

Arnold's plan worked, and after five weeks gruelling work, the first B-29s took off for the long flights to their new bases in south-western China to be used against Japan.

The B-29 had entered service in a little over three years since design work began. "It's very quick, even for World War Two standards," says Kinney. Just the pressurisation technology alone should have taken five years to develop.

The first B-29s were flown from a base behind Allied lines in China's Chengdu province.

The B-29 was only ever used in the Pacific, as shorter-ranged bombers were deemed enough to continue the war on Germany. Most B-29s flew their missions from Pacific Island bases that got ever-closer to Japan.

Flying them from these humid, makeshift air bases, such as those in the Marianas in the middle of the vast tropical ocean, was supremely difficult. One former flight engineer, Fred Carl Gardner, recounted the effort on a website published in the early 2000s. Part of his job was to monitor the engine temperatures, scanning gauges with "red-lines" where the temperature became too hot. "On a hot day, I would watch those temperatures climb past the red-line to the very limit of the gauge," he wrote. "I had no idea how hot those cylinder heads got."

Pilots would retract the B-29's landing gear as quickly as they could to reduce the strain on the engines, but after take-off, the B-29s had to fly for miles at lower power so the engines didn't catch fire.

One of the most controversial missions B-29s carried out – months before the atomic bombs were used – was the indiscriminate bombing of Japanese cities, using incendiary bombs that quickly set alight wooden houses.

The loss of life was shocking. The B-29 raid on Tokyo on the night of 9 March 1945 is thought to have killed as many as 100,000 people, making it more destructive than either of the atomic bombs that were to follow.

After World War Two, B-29 continued to fly as bomber within the newly created US Air Force (USAF) in Korea in the early 1950s. It also took up other roles, including being one of the first air-to-air tankers, which could refuel other aircraft in flight. "The B-29 is the [perfect] platform for that right. It's big. It has these two big bomb bays you can convert to carrying fuel," says Kinney.

As the Cold War deepened in the 1950s, the US and its Allies discovered that some B-29s that crashed in the Soviet Union after their missions over Japan had been used to help the USSR develop their own atomic bomber – a reverse-engineered copy of the B-29 called the Tupolev Tu-4. It was a Tu-4 that dropped the bomb in the first Soviet nuclear test, and represented the biggest nuclear threat to the West in the 1950s.

The B-29's effect as a terrifying weapon was without doubt. Kinney says that the B-29 had other, more benign influence in the years after World War II.

Boeing had built a large aircraft almost completely out of aluminium, with a high-aspect wing (long and narrow so that it reduces drag) big enough to fit four engines, and had brought aircraft pressurisation from a promising experiment to mass production. It represents perhaps the zenith of the propellor-driven aircraft before the era of jet engines began to take over.

"The B-29 is the most advanced propeller-driven airplane in the world in 1945, it encompasses all of those innovations," says Kinney. These innovations that would lead to the dawn of a new era of civil aviation.

The B-29 was used as the foundation for the 377 Stratocruiser, Boeing's first large airliner with a pressurised cabin. It was able to carry 100 passengers and hints at the larger airliners that followed in the 1950s. "At the time, Pan American World Airways is staking its future, no longer on flying boats, but, tricycle-landing-gear, propeller-driven airliners," says Kinney. He says one of their most famous posters at the time is of a Stratocruiser and the Eiffel Tower, showing that people can board an aircraft in the US and step off in Europe. "This idea of that becoming, you know, a global network of aviation routes, what international airlines are going to be. It starts with them."

The B-29 has also had effects on the ground, too. "By virtue of the World War Two being a global war, that's when you start having around the world paved runways, paved airfields." The runways built for the B-29 are especially long, as the aircraft needed about 1.6km (one mile) to take off. These long runways would help lay the foundations of a global airport network for the civil aviation boom of the 1950s, says Kinney.

Of the nearly 4,000 B-29s built in the 1940s, only 22 survive today, including two examples still flying at airshows in the US.

One of only two outside the US sits inside the Imperial War Museum's American Air Museum at the former RAF airbase at Duxford in Cambridgeshire, UK. The aircraft is called It's Hawg Wild, with a cartoon of an aggressive wild pig on its side. It flew dozens of combat missions not in World War Two, but in the Korean War a few years later.

It's Hawg Wild was flown from the US in 1980, after the plane had been lying for years in the Arizona desert, says Hearn. The museum had been looking for an example to exhibit, and learned of a discarded plane that was sitting in a "boneyard" of surplus aircraft in Tucson, Arizona. "But the big problem was getting it here. This aircraft hadn't flown for at least 20 years, and it was very big to have to dismantle and then ship over," says Hearn.

A contractor offered to bring the aircraft back into flying service, so it could be flown to the UK under its own power. The long flight was a major logistical exercise. The plane first had to be restored just enough so that it could be flown from Tucson to a US Navy base called China Lake in California, where more serious restoration work could be carried out before the B-29 was able to carry out the flight.

"Amazingly, it still had the dust from the desert on it," says Hearn.

"It seemed to be quite a risky, risky prospect, so the motorway was closed when it landed [at Duxford]. You definitely wouldn't get away with that nowadays," says Hearn.

The B-29 is a huge plane, especially compared to the other World War Two aircraft it shares space with at the museum. The tip of the B-29's giant tail fin is as tall as a three-story building.

More like this:

? The forgotten fighter which also saved Britain

? The pilot who stole a secret Soviet jet

? The spyplane still flying 65 years on

Walking around the aircraft with Hearn, it's easy to see how the aircraft was such a leap forward from aircraft from only a few years before. Outside the museum sits a B-17 Flying Fortress, thousands of which flew from airbases in the UK during the war. You can see the two gun positions on the side where the gunners – swathed in bulky flight suits – pointed machine guns into the open air in temperatures as low as -50C (-58F). The B-29 seems like a spaceship in comparison. On It's Hawg Wild you can see the "blisters", the bulging circular panels that the aircraft's crew could look out of, that resemble something from a submarine; the benefits of pressurisation.

The B-29 "just really shows you what can happen in the crucible of conflict, how technological advances could happen so quickly", says Hearn. "The B-29 is kind of the grandfather of modern-day aviation, I think."

The B-29 is an aircraft of two faces – a formidable war machine that played its part in humanity's most destructive moments, but also a masterpiece of innovation that shaped modern air travel and helped to shrink the world.

* The Boeing B-29 photographed at Imperial War Museum Duxford is on loan from the?National Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola, Florida.

--

If you liked this story,?sign up for The Essential List newsletter?– a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.

For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on?Facebook?and?Instagram.

Copyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.?Read about our approach to external linking.

NEWSLETTER GRATUITA

Nexo | Hoje

The_British_shipwreck_that_changed_the_world.txt

Madonna fez dois shows no Rio (um para o povo e outro para vips); g1 viu metade em cada lugar e conta quais as diferen?as foco e os foco lazer.

GRáFICOS

nos eixos

The world is getting hotter – this is what it is doing to our brains.txt

Carro a base de hidrogênio, bicicleta que captura gás carb?nico e descarte consciente: confira o que há no Rio Innovation Week foco e os moda conhecimento.

Navegue por temas

Próximo Rio Innovation Week vai ocupar mais pontos da cidade; edi??o 2025 levou 205 mil pessoas ao Pier Mauá Foragido há 11 anos por matar homem a tiros em Mendes é preso na Bahia Próximo Rio Innovation Week vai ocupar mais pontos da cidade; edi??o 2025 levou 205 mil pessoas ao Pier Mauá Brasil tem 158 Madonnas e Madonas – e já teve Mardona Em palestra sobre veganismo, Xuxa causa furor e diz: 'Se [meu neto] quiser comer carne, vou ficar muito chateada' Madonna recebe o título de Cidad? Honorária do Rio de Janeiro; veja o diploma Saiba como definir o G1 como página inicial do seu navegador Rio Innovation Week 2025: evento deve aquecer economia carioca com R$ 4 bilh?es e criar 22 mil empregos Why Oslo might be Europe's most liveable city break F?s 'enxergam' silhueta de Madonna na paisagem carioca: 'Morro Dois Irm?os é o suti? de cone'
日本色导航 | 午夜影院欧美 | 男人的天堂青青草 | 午夜欧美一区 | 国产酒店在线观看 | 在线国产免费视频 | 午夜成人社区 | 久草视频资源网 | 久草手机视频在线 | 久久亚洲 | 精品免费看 | 97色伦国产在线 | 亚洲欧美日韩欧美 | 欧美色址 | 91快手| 丁香五月婷婷综合 | 国产区在线 | 成人视频高清免费 | 国内自产拍自拍 | 91福利1000| 日韩在线综合网 | 国产区精品视频 | 成人三级经典电影 | 日韩亚洲欧美国产 | 三级片福利不孬 | 在线国产免费视频 | 国产高清影院 | 欧美xxx性 | 97cao碰| 精品美女在线 | 久草超碰麻豆p | 久草荜视频 | 亚洲九九 | 日韩淫院| 日韩美女日b | 男女啪啪视频免费 | 一区二区草逼大片 | 无码观看毛片 | 操碰网在线视频 | 国产夜色福利网站 | 伦理电影在线观看 | 亚洲性爱不卡欧美 | 日韩高清免费 | 国产精品第10页 | 欧美色资源 | 三级片美女网站 | 欧美在线直播 | 国产午夜亚洲精 | 老女人变态另类 | 在线观看欧美日韩 | 国产亚洲龙最新款 | 豆花视频操逼视频 | 欧美色色干 | 国产主播导航 | 亚洲成a片 | 狠狠操91 | 91国产自拍 | 成人看片网站 | 国产亚洲日韩 | 亚洲色无码| 激情瑟日韩 | 香蕉青草视频 | A片免费看网址 | 国产精品日韩视频 | 欧美在线片 | 成人日韩电影 | 综合国产一区二区 | 91社区| 白丝喷水在线观看 | 日本一区h| 性爱草逼91AV | 日本精品四区 | 亚洲欧洲久久精品 | 日韩三级网 | 亚洲私人午夜 | 人人干人人草 | 国产视频91 | 青草视频在线观看 | 午夜三级黄色 | 日女人黄三级 | 深爱激情乱伦网 | 黑成人福利影院 | 91榴莲视频 | 深爱激情婷婷网 | 特级欧美在线观看 | 欧美精品25页 | 欧美扩肛 | 抖阴吧一区| 三级女人网 | 欧美色色综合 | 国产乱轮 | 国产看片网址 | 国产中文字幕在线 | 丁香五月天综合网 | 欧美激情第15页 | 日本美女 | 欧美日韩精品视频 | 日日射狠狠撸 | 国产AV无码 | 自拍偷拍第五页 | 黄色三级女高男 | 超碰天天伦理 | 操碰在线91| 日韩无码一卡 | 日本福利社艹男女 | 日本成人网站免费 | 午夜福利大全精品 | 欧洲男女深夜福利 | 欧美私人福利影院 | 亚洲色色图片 | 欧美区一区二 | 男人天堂色情 | 日韩欧美视频 | 国产美女在线观看 | 青青草草社区 | 天美麻豆视频 | 欧美乱欲视频 | 91日韩在线| 91国产高清视频 | 欧美午夜在线观看 | 日韩欧美国产在线 | 久草视屏免费看 | 免费理论片在线 | 日本中文字幕网站 | 欧美性爱1页 | 国产美女喷水 | 韩日精品中文字幕 | 91资源网 | 狠狠肏狠狠艹 | 久久亚洲 | 精品无码成人av | 亚瑟在线无码 | 黄色女片网 | 操碰在线视频观看 | 老司机福利影院 | 成年a毛免费看 | 免费福利在线观看 | 日本在线播放一区 | 黄色美女免费网站 | 免费日韩大片 | 91夫妻自拍| 妖精影院日韩无码 | 亚洲无码欧美另类 | 日韩美女肏屄 | 欧美日韩在线二区 | 欧美色色草 | 成人性爱乱码视频 | 97伦理一节不卡 | 欧美熟妇视频 | 伦理电影在线播放 | 91大神在线视频 | 亚洲性综合一区 | 欧美性爱福利 | 91在线影院 | 亚洲视频欧美视频 | 免费电影下载 | 向日葵成人app | 日韩A级片| 三级黄av| 福利姬在线观看 | 91小视频| 日韩高清免费电影 | 亚洲欧美欧美 | 日本人妻偷伦中文 | 午夜神马伦理 | 国产日韩欧美激情 | 日本最美人妖 | 美女毛片网 | 亚洲国产综合自拍 | 四虎影庫必出精品 | 欧美性16| 男女91视频| 国产精品v日韩片 | 操草莓视频 | 国产三级观看 | 欧美日韩后入 | 国产高清在线不卡 | 欧美孕妇三级电影 | av无码免费福利 | 欧美激情一卡 | 日韩少妇精品视频 | 欧美精品成人 | 日韩午夜在线观看 | 国产乱码精品一区 | 97久久国产 | 青青草联合九九 | 国产片91| 亚洲va| 免费色情A片网扯 | 精品三级天堂 | 成人元码免费黄片 | 日本亚洲| 91香蕉影视| 国产第八页 | 性欧美喷潮xxx | 欧美爱爱tv视频 | 国外伦理电影 | 亚洲综合激情 | 免费一级无码婬片 | 久草观看| 国产aⅴ一区 | 成人亚洲视频30 | 在线日韩 | 精品午夜蜜桃 | 岛国大片在线观看 | 日韩亚洲欧美一区 | 激情美少妇 | 免费看片软件 | 欧美视频偷偷撸 | 日韩免费三级片 | 91激情迅雷下载 | 午夜男女福利视频 | 福利社试看一分钟 | 国产大片a | 波多野吉衣老师 | 欧美A三级片 | 超碰黑丝在线91 | 三级片观看网址 | 三级黄色网 | 爱草逼网| 91手机在线 | 伊人春色欧美 | 青青国产线免观 | 日本乱伦xxx | bt天堂 | 国产免费一区二区 | 伦理片软件 | 97在线观| 艹碰人人 | 黄片在免男 | 91自拍亚洲| 91黄色免费操 | 日韩新片快播网 | 精品区二网址 | 欧美人妖操逼王 | 国产成人无| 伦理片电影网站 | 一区二区三区乱伦 | 免费看的黄片91 | 日韩高清免费 | 91社区首页 | 狠狠激情 | 91叉叉操小骚逼 | 91精品国产电影 | 三级视频官网 | 精品91视频网站 | 狼友av永久网站 | 国产孕妇性在线 | 国产人人插人人操 | 欧美91区 | 欧美视频在线网 | a片网站在线播放 | 成人免费精品视频 | 欧美字幕在线观看 | 国产二区高清 | 影音先锋成人 | 欧美精品二区免费 | 精品久久国产免费 | 欧美在线观看 | 毛片在线网址播放 | 91首页| 成人国产在线播放 | 狠狠亚洲org | 碰操搞曰 | 福利影院免费观看 | 日本乱伦电影 | 91插插库影院 | 日韩精品亚洲 | 夜间福利影视 | 青青草论坛 | 最污的网站在线看 | 国产91网站在线 | 日韩免费电影在线 | 尤物二区 | 国产久草视频 | 欧美精品免费看 | 欧美福利在线视频 | 麻豆视频网址 | 在线e久草 | 国产ts人妖在线 | 三级片俄罗斯 | 日韩丝袜美腿 | 91抖音免费观看 | 香蕉视频干逼 | 日本在线观看视频 | 日本亚洲欧美在线 | 91黄色干逼| 日本成人高清无码 | 高清一区二区 | 五月天婷婷欧美 | 成人三级在线播放 | 男人午夜影院蜜桃 | 欧美成人女同 | 欧美人妖自慰 | 偷偷撸自拍 | 激情美少妇 | 91国内视频| 亚洲欧洲日本精品 | 日韩旡码Tv | 日本高清有码视频 | 成人免费软件 | 欧美人成影院 | 午夜激情福利社 | 久草在3福利| 男女午夜免费视频 | 黄色网址视频播放 | A片网| 成人性无码 | 午夜福利xxx | 91国产在线自拍 | 福利在线亚洲 | 波多野洁衣电影 | 欧美日韩爽不爽 | 操逼视频污污污 | 国产孕妇一区二区 | 午夜福利理伦片 | 成年人免费影院 | 欧美日韩国产免费 | 国产主播在线观 | 乱码欧美孕交 | 青青草国语版 | a片在线播放网址 | 成人综合激情网 | 欧美精品一区视频 | 国产乱码 | 91社视频| 日韩电影aa | 亚洲系列 | 欧美性爱午夜影院 | 麻豆爱爱网 | 日韩精品成人视频 | 欧美乱码变态 | 欧美1级a大片 | 强奸制服中文字幕 | AV在线资源网站 | 性无码| 欧美性爱首页 | 黄片av网站| 亚欧福利片 | 国产高清二区 | 国产h片在线播放 | 国产视频中文字幕 | 91爽爽干| 欧美女同文字浴 | 性欧美性交| 免费看h| 亚洲欧美中文另类 | 欧洲免费成人A | 岛国黄色在线 | 三级网址在线观看 | 国产精品播放 | 精品国产二区 | 日本不卡视频在线 | 无码视频在线观看 | 久草黄色 | 国产人妖网站 | 亚洲色图第二页 | 免费黄色毛片 | 精品二区三区电影 | 欧美视频第一页 | 97碰碰资源总站 | 成人三级AV | 乱伧视频| 草逼av三级| 三级理论片 | 日韩国产欧美在线 | 免费一区二区三区 | 黄色一级久久毛片 | 91不卡在线 | 日韩中文欧美 | 伦理在线免费观看 | 久草乱码 | 国产不卡毛片 | 国产亚洲欧美日韩 | 自慰情欲依然高涨 | 欧美免费快播影院 | 精品高清完整版 | 伦俚片影院 | 国产在线视频 | 乱伦天堂 | 国产免费观看视频 | 久久露脸国产精品 | 激情图片婷婷 | 久久精品免费视频 | 国产性爱影院 | 91小视频app 91小视频在线 | 偷拍自拍国产在线 | 青青草免费播放 | 老湿影院福利社 | 午夜丁香婷 | 国产欧美日韩网站 | 国产素人自拍 | 午夜肏屄视频网站 | 91在线视频导航 | 日本成人在线不卡 | 青草视频网站 | 国产人兽第一页 | 欧美爽妇网 | 日本欧美在线看 | 乱码精品一区二区 | 日本三级迅雷下载 | 欧美巨大gay | 国产在线网站观看 | 国产精品午夜视频 | 国产在线观看入口 | 亚洲五约丁香 | 91视频精品| 欧美人妖自蔚 | 久草涩涩 | 日韩精品成人文学 | 星空影院| 麻豆成人A片 | 超碰碰免费 | 动漫自慰18 | 亚洲超碰97人人 | 欧美伦理片| 国产精品欧美在线 | 国产自约视频 | 男人的天堂AV黄 | 日韩无码高清一区 | 黄视频三级网站 | 欧美精品第三页 | 欧洲狼友网站 | 欧美色图论坛 | 蜜桃成人黑料 | 91色妹妹| 午夜福利视频91 | 成人色情黄片在线 | 丝瓜草莓视频 | 亚洲永久无码精品 | 精品国产在线观看 | 向日葵成人app | 免费A网站| 成人午夜大片 | 丁香五月五月亭亭 | 吃瓜福利小视频 | 欧美一级网址 | 深夜导航在线入口 | 国产在线资源观看 | 青草在线观看视频 | 精品欧美日韩 | 亚洲欧美日韩va | 青青草精品在线 | 全球免费av导航 | 偷偷碰97 | 日韩欧美福利电影 | 红杏91在线 | 国产不卡高清视频 | 91青青草| 午夜福利导 | 国产萌白酱视频 | 91凤楼交友| 日韩在线高清视频 | 日本综合在线观看 | 国产精品九一 | 久草国产视频 | 国产一区不卡 | 精品欧美日韩 | 夜夜夜操 | 免费看片神嚣 | 欧美极度另类 | 欧美国产自拍偷拍 | 欧美性爱笫一页 | 日日日韩片 | 午夜资源视频 | 黑料在线资源国产 | 五月天激情网婷婷 | 日韩免费电影在线 | 久草福利资源网站 | 午夜两性影院 | 国产视频福利 | 无码人妻免费播放 | 岛国免费| 欧美四级经典 | 国产日屄 | 91精品黄色| 欧美福利一二三四 | 女同精油按摩 | 另类欧美婷婷色吧 | 日日操狠狠撸 | 成人精东 | 国产福利精品91 | 成人国产精品 | 四虎影视怡春院 | 人妖专区 | 国产在线视频自拍 | 麻豆精东在线 | 欧美色鬼 | 欧美人人爽 | 日本三级视频这些 | 91免费观看 | 狠狠撸激情网 | 久草新视频在线 | 国产精一品亚 | 在线免费看黄网址 | 国产高清乱理 | 性欧美潮喷内谢 | 欧美日韩大乱 | 国产主播综合社区 | 欧美性另| 亚洲性视频 | 三极黄色毛片 | 91男女| 狼友福利免费影院 | 日本不卡二区 | 四虎影城库 | 亚洲日韩国产有码 | 特级孕妇无码毛片 | 免费日本伦理片 | 国产在线视频在线 | 成人黑料AV | 三级小视频网址 | 男女免费啪啪网站 | 国产精品成人影片 | 成人欧美日韩在线 | 91偷拍导航| 欧美黑人马上影院 | 欧美色图片影院 | 精品免费国产视频 | 超碰欧美人妖 | 日韩午夜性影院 | 成人a电影 | 毛片网站在线播放 | 韩日大片 | 欧美a级影院 | 日韩电影网址 | 五月天综合网 | 国产思瑞精品视频 | 欧美视屏| 操逼欧美| 人妻在线视频免费 | 福利导航站 | 午夜福利性影院 | 国产情侣久久 | 91AV在线| 欧美视频免费看 | 欧美在线一区视频 | 911国内自产 | 日本在线精品视频 | 成人网站高清无码 | 日韩有码第二页 | 欧美日韩另类0 | 日韩成人区 | 欧美成在线 | 综合五区自拍 | 国产自产21 | a色片在线视频 | 91久久国产视频 | 二级c片免费视频 | 国产A区| 足交在线一区二区 | 污片五月天 | 国产性爱无码 | 欧美成人高清一区 | 日本在线伦理电影 | 国产精品国产自 | 岛国精品一区二 | 亚州色图自拍 | 91爆逼| 国产在线视频播放 | 69叉叉叉| 黄片网址在线看 | 午夜福利视频无码 | 成人爱草草 | 五月天婷婷美女 | 日韩免费在线播放 | 日韩无码专区 | 国产精成a品 | 岛国精品在线观看 | 欧美精品免费观看 | 91最新国产 | 欧美熟女乱伦性爱 | 可以看三级的网站 | 91网首页| 激情瑟日韩 | 欧美性爱3区 | 国产乱轮片 | 欧美日韩高清在线 | 老湿影院69 | 97下载网| 极品色五月 | 自拍偷拍国产视频 | 日韩福利电影2区 | 嫩草私人影院 | 欧美性成| 亚洲中文在线观看 | 谁有色色网站 | 在线观看污网址 | 操碰免费视频观看 | 91天堂在线播放 | 操碰在线视频 | 国内在线黄色网址 | 日韩经典第一页 | 黄色AV天堂 | 91视频成人下载 | 日韩美女视频在线 | 日韩电影天堂网 | 欧美视频精品在线 | 日韩欧美一区二区 | 国产激情成人 | 国产精品高清 | 国产a级网站 | 超碰在线久草 | 性欧美网页 | 泰国最美人妖电影 | 午夜黄视频| 丁香六月婷婷开心 | 三级在线无码观看 | 日韩AV福利| 91洮色在线观看 | 成人a级片 | 黑丝国产在线观看 | 性日韩欧美 | 综合91 | 日韩欧美美女 | 久草面费网站 | 欧美日韩在线a | 中文字幕色片 | 欧美色欲亚州 | 青青草在中文版 | 深夜福利网站在线 | 91香蕉污 | 另类欧美婷婷色吧 | 成人午夜视频免费 | 手机福利视频 | 五月天六月婷婷 | 亚洲欧洲日韩在线 | 丁香婷婷五月亚洲 | 欧美浮力地址 | 日本三级在线观影 | 麻豆爱爱| 日日狠婷婷五月天 | 欧美熟妇激情 | 男人插女人在线黄 | 结衣波多野种子 | 亚洲乱妇精品无码 | 激情91| 日韩高清中文字幕 | 91香蕉白丝 | 97吃瓜在线观看 | 国产日韩精品一 | 欧美色色成人 | 91抱起操| 国产午夜在线 | 日韩在线免费看 | 日韩欧美另类 | 丁香五月激色 | 久草视频免费资源 | 国产日韩欧美视频 | 91福利社区下载 | 国内精品久久 | 午夜成人 | 欧美激情第六页 | 久草资源总站 | 青青久在线 | 最新色吊丝 | 亚洲九九 | 日本欧美第一页 | 四虎最地址 | 免费日本在线观看 | 高清对白国产在线 | av网站黄片| 狠狠的撸最新版 | 五月天婷丁香网 | 精品国产91 | 精品自拍91 | 精品国产一二区 | A片网网址 | 国产黄色三级网站 | 无卡一区 | 国产成人免费播放 | 日韩高清一区 | 男人的天堂A片 | 欧美潮喷视频 | 91蜜桃在线观看 | 国产精品v欧美 | 欧美一级在线观 | 在线观看国产视频 | 成年人小视频 | 欧美日韩高清电影 | 午夜福利手机在线 | 日韩欧美a级片 | 亚洲欧美另类图片 | 97手机伦理电影 | 白白操网免费在线 | 污污视频网站在线 | 国产乱伦一区 | 污草莓视频| av少妇网站 | 在线国产亚洲 | 免費看黄色网址 | 一本一道日韩 | 欧美喷水影院 | 91免费观看网站 | 久草乱码 | 亚洲国产二区 | 伊人四房 | 午夜宅男在线网 | 日韩国产电影 | 日韩欧美色图操逼 | 欧美乱伦淫秽视频 | 91爽爽| 国产熟女内 | 无码成人毛片 | 亚洲免费看片 | 午夜福利在线视频 | 91日本在线 | 疯狂日韩精品 | 国产老师自慰喷水 | 爱豆传媒www | 五月天丁香综合网 | 综合综合网 | 国产日产欧美精品 | 午夜福利大全精品 | 成人亚洲国产 | 日韩免费视频网站 | 亚洲欧洲精品在线 | 国内自拍第一 | 国产美女在线直播 | 深夜福利男女 | 91人人插 | 日韩性xxxx | 欧洲伦理| 亚洲国产色在线 | 欧美性爱xxxx | 日本三级3| 在线观看深夜福利 | 一区二区无码剧情 | 91精品影院| 国产伦理一区二区 | 欧美精品欧美 | 国内毛片视频 | 亚洲日韩在线视频 | 国产成人免费播放 | 日日操狠 | 丁香六月婷婷 | 欧美中国乱伦 | 亚洲午夜福利久久 | 青青草乐园 | 日韩成人精品 | 日韩无码中文字幕 | 无卡一区| av资源站| 国产在线自拍视频 | 91香蕉破解版下 | 日韩孕妇AV观看 | 男女强奸黄色影院 | 无码三级网站 | 国产自产第 | 中国网站大全 | 孕妇无码毛片 | 在线91碰 | 欧美午夜福利影院 | 国产自产在线 | 国产精品国产免费 | 亚州色图自拍 | 午夜福利电影手机 | 老司机操操操 | 精品一区三区 | 女人一级看片免费 | 伦理片在线免费看 | 熟女另类拳交 | 日韩欧美奸 | 久草新在| 日xxxx| 亚色成人福利影院 | 欧美色偷 | 久久免费福利视频 | 日韩欧美成人社区 | 欧美日韩一级视频 | 欧美乱伦内射 | 国产在线观看一区 | 国产精品宅男宅女 | 91无码 | 会所AV| 日韩中文字幕精品 | 伦理片精油按摩 | 日韩在线电影网站 | 国产亚洲龙最新款 | 欧美一卡视频 | 91超碰资源观看 | 字幕中文 | 亚州日韩欧美在线 | 黄色软件app | 欧美挙交日本少妇 | 中文字幕福利电影 | 国产视频在线不卡 | 丁香五月中文娱乐 | 欧美自拍视频 | 另类影院 | 无码四虎| 91直播免费看 | 亚洲色淫网 | 亚洲国产精品视频 | 五月婷色欲 | 国产激情视频三区 | 91视频打屁股 | 四虎乱伦 | 伦理片免费视频 |